Richard Belcher introduces key themes and insights into biblical teachings. He shares his extensive knowledge as both an academic and author, with a decade of pastoral experience enriching his perspective.
The following unedited transcript is provided by Beluga AI.
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We’ll start with Psalm 16 in the Trinity Psalter. If you don’t have a Trinity Psalter, might as well buy one. We use one.
Hear every class, and then in your care classes, you will also use one. Psalm 16 is a psalm of confidence, and psalms of confidence are full of trust and confidence in God. That’s sort of what dominates these psalms. Come on in.
But the psalm begins with a call for God to preserve the psalmist because he puts his trust in the psalmist, and he talks then about the blessings of God in the community of God’s people. In verse two, the holy ones fill me with great delight. He contrasts that with idolaters who seek the idols.
They come to nothing. But if you trust in the Lord, not just for the things he gives you, but for who he is, he is your inheritance. Not just that he gives you an inheritance, but he is your inheritance. And so he goes on then to mention that in verse five and the blessings that God has given to him in verses six and seven.
And he talks as you get toward the end of the psalm, of his security in the Lord. “I always keep the Lord before me, him to see, because he is at my right hand, I never moved shall be,” as verse eight. And this security and this relationship with the Lord is so strong that not even death can break it. And of course, the end of this psalm is used by Peter in Acts to refer to the resurrection of our savior, the second David, which these words are referring to.
Well, welcome to Isaiah to Malachi.
We will begin with the course requirements with the syllabus. Just so we are all on the same page. We all sort of know what the expectations for this course are. We’ll start with course objectives. And I haven’t, I mean, if you have the CD and everything, you’re fine. But what I just now handed out, there’s not everything that we’re going to go over on that, but the basics that we’re going to go over is on that. All right, course objectives.
We want to set the profits in their historical setting in order to better understand the message of the profits. We will spend some time in a variety of ways talking about the historical context and setting of the prophets. Number two, to be able to summarize the message of each prophetic book. So when you get through with this course, if you hear the book, Nahum, you have some idea of what that’s about.
Now, the longer the time passes, you may forget that, but at least we are trying to expose you to the message of each prophetic book. And we will cover every. Well, we might even cover Micah. But if we cover Micah, it will be condensed. But other than Micah, we cover each prophetic book, and you will do homework related to Micah. So, number three, to become familiar with some of the issues related to the interpretation of prophecy. That’s what lecture three is all about, which we’ll get to next week.
Fairly substantial lecture on how do you interpret, what are the issues in the interpretation of prophecy. And so we’ll talk about that next week. That will be foundational, then, for our approach to the prophets and the rest of the class, then to see how the prophets lay the groundwork for the coming of the messiah. There will be opportunity for us to talk briefly at points about that, especially when we come to a place in the prophets where that is significant, like Isaiah 7. All right, textbooks.
If you’ve had a core bible course with me before, we use Dillard and Longman’s introduction to the Old Testament. We abbreviated Iot. So anywhere you see Iot in your syllabus, that’s what it’s talking about, you will read portions of that, which we’ll get to in a minute. Also, I use van Gemmeron’s interpreting the prophetic word, abbreviated IPW. The introduction book is sort of a standard introduction. It has a format of an introduction to the Old Testament. Van Gemmeron’s is more of a redemptive historical type, a biblical theological emphasis.
So I have you read both of those. Then I also suggest strongly that you get this chart, which is a very good tool to reorient you if you need it, or to orient you to where you are in the historical timeline. And this chart is laid out beginning with Saul going through the post exilic period, and it has got the profits set in the context of the historical situation. I don’t agree with every place that the profits are placed on this chart.
There is a lot of discussion about Joel and Obadiah, and so we’ll talk about those when we get there. Not everything on this chart would I completely agree with, necessarily. But it’s a very useful chart for sort of orienting yourself as to where you are in the relationship of the kings to each other, because sometimes northern kingdom, southern kingdom kings even have the same name and it’s confusing. So this can help. Bring it to class; it might be helpful in class.
Now, additional assigned reading: these books should be on reserve, and you have to just decide whether or not you want to buy them. The first book is “The Feshre for Walkie, the Way of Wisdom.” And I have you read Richard Pratt’s article, “Historical Contingencies and Biblical Predictions,” and we’ll talk about that article next week. So that’s on reserve if you want to make a copy of that or read the book there. Now, the next two books I also use in two other Old Testament courses that I teach.
So you’re going to have to decide whether it’s useful or not to buy them. Cracking Old Testament codes by Brent Sandy and Ronald Geese is a book that approaches the Old Testament from the genre angle. And so, I have you read sections of it in the Old Testament courses that I teach. For this course, you’ll read a chapter on oracles of judgment, oracles of salvation, the two basic genres of the prophets, and there are many more. And we’ll briefly talk about genre in here.
We don’t go through the whole what type of literature speech that we do in other classes, but I do. Have you read these two? Well, actually three chapters. There’s a chapter on apocalyptic literature as well, which is very significant when we get to Daniel. So, three chapters from that book in this class, and then Walton’s book, Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context. It’s always a student favorite, so I have to use it every year. Just can’t get away from it. Don’t read it late at night if you’re tired.
I’ve heard, but the first several pages of each chapter you don’t have to pay much attention to because it gives you a lot of bibliographical or historical data, detail on the texts. But what Walton does is it takes the literature of the Israelites and puts it in context of the ancient Near east. And how does the literature of Israel differ from the literature of the ancient Near east? We’ll talk about that some this morning as well.
So I have you read about 27 pages in Walton, and I do use that book in two other of my courses. And then I have you read an article by BB Warfield on the Spirit of God in the Old Testament. You can find this in a variety of places. I’ve just happened to give you one of the more recent places it has found on the person and work of the Holy Spirit, a collection of his writings. And make sure you read the page numbers here because there’s a condensed version of this article in that book.
So I want you to read the larger article that should be on reserve. Now, the reading assignment for you is laid out very clearly, as you’ll see in just a few minutes. Now, assignments you have to read the prophets, the prophetic books. Although you can graduate from the seminary up in the northeast without taking a course in the Bible, we do want you to read. We do want you to read the Bible, and it’s really the prophetic portion of scripture that is most of the reading in this course.
The reading in this course is a little bit on the lesser side compared to some other courses because of the prophetic profiles, but that’s kind of made up a little bit because the prophetic books are fairly large, most of them. Some of them. So there is a lot of reading, a lot of reading in the Bible. So you have to read the prophetic books. You also have to produce a prophetic profile in each prophetic book, except Obadiah and Joel. We’ll talk about the profile in a minute. I have a handout related to the profile.
The profile is really a major portion of your work in this class. If you’re going on to licensure or ordination, when you get to that point, you won’t have to do any work in the prophets because you’ve already done it. You just have to review with these profiles. If you’re going on, maybe not going into the ministry, but sometime you have an opportunity to teach Sunday school, these profiles can be very helpful. So, I have you do a profile, even though it can be somewhat time-consuming.
I wouldn’t suggest you leave it just the night before class. There are three exams. My other two courses, Genesis, Joshua, and poets. I give two exams, a midterm and a final. But I have found that there is so much material in this class that it’s a little bit more manageable to divide the class up into three exams. Now, you can feel free to give me feedback on that at the end of the class, but we are scheduled for three exams, and the exams are based on the lectures.
We’ll talk about the exams when we get closer to the exam dates. Do not put on your exams things out of your reading. It’s all based on lectures. You should have lecture review questions at the end of your lectures that I’ve given to you, the notes that I’ve given to you, and you can use those to help study for the exams. A paper is also required. We’ll talk about that in just a minute. Breakdown of the grades is at the bottom of the page. You also should read the book of Amos.
So whenever a book is listed there in the middle, you should read that biblical book. And every time you finish a reading assignment, check it off, and that will help you at the end, come up with a percentage of your reading, because there’s going to be a question on your final. How much of the reading did you finish for this course? I do give partial credit for reading, so if you complete 50% of the reading, you get 2.5 points instead of five points, which can make a difference in your final grade.
So that’s how this schedule is set up. We got normally what we’re going to lecture on, prophecy, definition, interpretation. And then when we finish that, we’ll start the book of Amos. And then the other reading in your quiz stuff is in the right hand column. you’ll notice it says, first exam through Jonah. And I’ve been giving these exams outside of class, which gives you a little flexibility to fit into your schedule. And we’ll talk about that as we get closer to that date. No profile due for Obadiah. No prophetic profile due for Joel.
That is a mistake on my part. You don’t have to do a prophetic profile on Obadiah or Joel. Part of the reason I don’t have you do a profile on those books is because there’s so much discussion about the historical background, and we’ll sort of lay that out in class. Find the handout that says a guideline for prophetic profiles. Let’s go over, what am I looking for in these prophetic profiles? Let me explain to you the process that you should probably go through to put together a prophetic profile.
If you’re going to do a profile on Amos, which you have to do for next week, you want to read the section of material in Van Gemmeron and your introduction. Do you need a. Well, I may not have two of them here. I may just have one. Okay. All right, this is. Did you, did you need. I can make other copies if that’s helpful, but. I’m sorry, sir, did you need one? I was actually giving that to you. Yeah, I was giving that one to you, and he was going to.
He was going to download it on the CD. Yeah. There you go. So you got to do a profile on Amos. What do you do? Well, basically you’re going to read Dillard, Longman, and van Gemmeren, and you’re going to look for the information that’s listed on this handout. Now, you may not find all the information in those two books, but you’re looking for what Dillard, Longman, and van Gemmeren say about the prophet, his family background, son of so and so. That could be important. Is he a priest? Could be important. Where is he from?
You’re just getting information related to the prophet. What’s the historical situation? Are any dates given for the prophet’s ministry? How about the people to whom or against whom he’s writing? Who are the jewish kings who reigned during his ministry and a brief description of their reign? I’ll come back to that in a minute. That’s very important, and I’ll come back to that in a minute. Who are the foreign nations or kings that are mentioned, including their actions and their significance for Israel or Judah?
Any other important events, a battle, a natural catastrophe may be important for the particular prophet that you are looking at. See, as the theme of the prophetic book. You know, while you’re reading through Dillard, Longman, and Van Gemmeron, you might as well look for statements that you think are good statements to sort of summarize succinctly what this book is all about. Put it in there. I don’t look closely at section c. That’s more for your benefit, for the future.
So you’re reading there are Longman, Van Gemmeron, and usually at least the first chapter or two of the prophetic book, and you’re trying to find out this information. Now, the other thing you must do, and I’m not asking you to do any research here. You don’t have to go to the library and look up anything. You are responsible for the information in Dillard, Longman, Van Gemmeron, and the beginning of the prophetic book. So that’s your parameters.
But the other thing you must do, and this is key, this is where students sort of drop the ball sometimes. Look at the top of that handout. It says, the following information should be included in your prophetic profile based on your reading in IoT and IPW. We talked about that concerning the historical background and the reigns of the Jewish kings. You should read the appropriate sections in Kings and Chronicles.
Now, I’ve given you a handout, or it’s on your CD, of a chart of the kings of Israel and Judah and where their reigns are described in Kings and Chronicles. Now, some of the northern kings, most of the northern kings aren’t even described in Chronicles, but so if you’re next week, if you’re doing Amos, Uzziah is a very important king. you’ll want to go to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles, read about the reign of Uzziah, and summarize in your profile from Kings and Chronicles.
What is said about Uzziah’s reign that must be in there? You must provide a summary of the reign of the kings who are significant during the particular prophet you’re looking at. You lose points quickly if that is not there. Yes, yes, yes, yes. Now it says, be sure. This is toward the bottom of that paragraph. Be sure to include the names and the significance and their actions of any nation or ruler. So if Van Gemmeron mentions a foreign king, include him.
Basically, you are to give as full an account of the history as you can from the reading that you are assigned. So Van Gemmeron, Dillard, Longman, probably the beginning of the prophet, because the beginning of the prophetic books tells you some important things about the prophet and then the reign of kings. your prophetic profile should be written out in paragraph form. Now I have a sample up here that should be on reserve in the library, and it is also up here. And I will make sure you get one, toddler, for the virtual students.
You may or may not know this class is being offered on Sentra. You may want to stay home in the morning. So there’s… How many, Mister Whiting? 16. We have 16 students that are taking this in Canada and London. I mean, they may be live now, you know, depending on where you are. It could be the middle of the night, but so anyway, if I make comments related to that every once in a while, you’ll know what I’m talking about.
But I have a profile up here that you may want to look at as a sample profile. And the first profile you do is just your first stab at it. And I’ll try to next week when you hand your profiles and get them back to you as quickly as possible with comments so that you can make adjustments if you need to for the other profiles. What I like about this profile is it’s easy for the reader to tell what’s going on as you look at this profile.
I mean, he’s got things laid out and he uses some of the headings here in your profile guideline. But he’s got things laid out in such a way where the grader just looks at it and can tell it’s done very well. You still got to look at it. So take a look at that at break if you would like. It will be on reserve in the library. It may not be there yet, but it will be there soon, hopefully. Any questions on the prophetic profile? That will be the majority of the work for this class.
Other than reading the prophetic books and your paper, this will be the weekly deadline that you have to meet. Yes. Well, you can do it in a couple of pages. This one, he has a page and a half, and then he’s got themes starting midway through the second page. And I said, I’m not going to necessarily grade the themes, but he has about a half a page on themes. So this one’s on Amos is a page and a half, so single spaced.
So about a page, depending on the profits, some of the larger profits could be two pages. Some of the shorter profits might be a little bit less than this. Yes, sir. No, but I’m giving you this as an example because I like the way this is laid out. You don’t have to lay it out this way, but this makes it very easy for the grader to orient himself to your information. And the grader will smile. And you want the grader to smile, right?
You don’t want the grader to be scratching their head, frowning while they’re reading your profile. All right, so if that’s helpful, use it. We’ll not go. Next hard copy thing I have here is an outline of prophetic books. We’ll not go over that, but this is what you need for the quizzes. All right, next topic. We need to talk about the paper. Some of you have heard this speech before. Others of you haven’t heard this speech. So let me talk to you about the paper. You have two options basically related to the paper.
You can do a passage from one of the prophetic books, and let’s just say Ezekiel 1, or a section of Ezekiel you choose to do your paper on. We’ll come back and talk about that in a second. The other thing you can do in here is what we call around here a B paper, biblical theology paper. A Bt paper. What does a particular prophetic book say about topic x? So let’s say you’re going to do a Bt paper on Ezekiel’s view of the temple. That would be a Bt paper.
What does the book of Ezekiel have to say about the temple? And you’d have to look at the whole book of Ezekiel. Find out in the book of Ezekiel where the temple is specifically talked about, and focus your paper on those major passages and come and summarize what Ezekiel’s view of the temple is. That would be a BT paper. Another angle to a BT paper in the prophets is many today are looking at the twelve minor prophets, called the Book of the Twelve, as a group, a unity.
You could do a Bt paper on the twelve minor prophets, the day of the Lord in the twelve minor prophets. That would be an appropriate thing to do. And there is bibliography out there. you’ll find it. I can help you with it if you need to. That is discussing now the book of the Twelve as a literary unity. And so it’s appropriate, would be appropriate to look at a topic, if you wanted to, in the book of the Twelve as a Bt paper.
What does the book of the Twelve say about the day of the Lord? If you do a Bt paper, obviously you’re focusing on a particular book and the topic that you’re looking at in that book. That’s what the majority of your paper will be about. However, you also should put that topic, discussion in the context of the history of Israel, what we call, and many of you have heard this term before, redemptive historical stuff.
So if you’re doing Ezekiel’s view of the temple as your topic, you may want to spend some time, you don’t spend a lot of time. You may want to spend some time on what’s gone before. How does Ezekiel’s view of the temple fit into what’s gone before? And usually you don’t have to spend a lot of time on that angle. What you want to spend a little more time on is what happens after Ezekiel.
What does Ezekiel’s rule of the temple, how does that relate to the exilic situation, the post exilic situation, and especially how does that relate to the coming of Christ? And what does that mean, then, for God’s people today? Modern meaning, as we call it around here. What’s the modern meaning of Ezekiel’s view of the temple for God’s people today, both between the first and second coming of Christ and Ezekiel’s view of the temple, as we will see when we get there, has implications for Revelation 21:22. So that would be a BT paper.
And two thirds of your paper is just going to look at Ezekiel through the temple. But then you have to make a transition. You know, you’ve looked at what this means in Ezekiel’s historical situation, but then what does it mean for God’s people today? So that’s important as well. So you could do a Bt paper. Many of you will just choose a passage out of one of the prophets.
Some of you are in Hebrew exegesis; you’ve got two papers due this semester, and you can’t do two papers on one passage, but you can do two papers on two passages next to each other if you want. So you could do, you know, a portion of your prophets paper on Ezekiel 1 and a portion of your exegesis paper on Ezekiel on another part of Ezekiel 1.
That might save a little bit of research, but if you’re going to do a paper on a passage in the prophets, then I’ve given you some questions to help guide your study. How does a passage fit into the rest of the book? If you’re in Ezekiel 1, that’s foundational for the rest of the book. If you’re in Ezekiel 8, it talks about the temple. Well, then that’s referring back to things in the chapter. So you’ve got to sort of orient your chapter to the rest of the book. What’s the major theme of your passage?
How is the theme developed? Are there any significant literary, historical, or theological questions that come out in your passage? Are there any major problems in your passage? you’ve got a lot of freedom here to focus on a literary angle, to focus on a historical angle if you want to focus on a theological angle. So you can do any number of things with your passage. Is your passage using prior revelation in any way? What is the message of the passage to the original reading audience?
Is the passage used in a significant way in later biblical history, OT or NT? And what’s the message of the passage for God’s people today? Now, I don’t want you to divide your paper into A, B, C, D, E, F. Okay? I’ve had very few, but I’ve had a couple do that. I want you to. This is the information that you are looking for, and then you’ve got to put it together in a paper.
And the middle paragraph says the paper could revolve around a particular literary, historical, or theological issue in the passage or a particular problem encountered in the text. The paper should reflect a developed argument centered around a theme or an issue in the passage. You might just say, my passage is Ezekiel 1. You look at the message of Ezekiel 1 in the context of the book of Ezekiel. That’s one section of the paper. Another section is this is what Ezekiel 1 means to the audience that Ezekiel is writing to.
That could be a second section of your paper, and then the third section of your paper could be, what’s the message of Ezekiel 1 for God’s people today? That would be an appropriate paper. It’ll lay out that way so you’ve got some flexibility. I give you some criteria there that will be used to evaluate the paper. Some of the problems when you deal with the paper in the prophets is every once in a while there’s a tendency to put too much emphasis on the historical situation.
So two thirds of the paper, the history only give us enough history. Give the reader enough history to orient the reader to what’s going on. That’s all the history you need. You don’t need to go overboard with the history and tell us about, you know, just enough history. If that’s significant for your paper and the message of your prophet, enough history so that we have an idea of what’s going on. Don’t go overboard on the history tendency in the prophetic books.
Notice under criteria C, the use of sources, a variety of commentary should be examined. And I’ve given in your on your CD, you have a list of explanation of commentary series, and then a separate document on commentaries on the prophets. Not exhaustive, but certainly, most of the major ones are discussed there. So use that to your benefit. You have to reference at least one older commentary: Calvin Geneva series, Matthew Henry. Anything before 1900 must include at least a footnote related to that.
Sometimes I get a paper that only quotes Matthew Henry, and that’s not good. Okay, that’s not good. You also must use modern commentaries, as many as you can, or whatever. I don’t have a set number, but you can tell if somebody has interacted with the commentaries. Plus, and you’ve heard this speech, you must at least cite one journal article. Now you’ve heard the speech.
A quick way to get a journal article is to go to WBC word biblical commentary, Ezekiel one and before every passage that’s discussed in the word biblical journal commentary, there is a bibliography given. You might find a journal article listed there. That’s the quickest way to find one. It’s not exhaustive and it might not be useful, but at least you got a journal article on your passage. Generally the other thing to do, but many times you’ll find a good one.
The other thing to do is go to Atla in the library and they’ll show you how to use that type in your text or topic and all kinds of stuff will come up. Then you got to figure out, do we have it here in Charlotte or do we have to send for Orlando or Jackson to get it? And that could take a week or so. So this is not something you necessarily want to leave until the end.
Begin thinking about your paper as you begin to read the prophets. The paper should be ten to 15 pages, double-spaced. You can read that plastic paper covers; just staple the paper. Don’t leave extra space between paragraphs. Every once in a while, I get a paper that’s double-spaced, except between paragraphs. It’s like four spaces. I don’t know if that’s a word processing problem or not, but just double-space throughout. Now, if you put headings in your paper, you know there can be an extra space between the last paragraph and the heading.
You don’t have to use headings, but you are expected to use as much Hebrew as you are able. Now, some of you are in Hebrew exegesis, and you are going to be using a lot of Hebrew in that paper. So if you are in Hebrew exegesis, I don’t expect you to do an exegetical paper necessarily for this class. You can if you want, but interact with the Hebrew at least at some level. If you’re able to do that now, I’ve also listed here.
You can go to our website, and you can find, I’ve told you how to do this. In your notes, you can find the ETs or Jets Guidelines journal for the Evangelical Theological Society. Or you can use the JBL guidelines journal for Biblical Literature. There’s an SBL handbook which has the journal of Biblical Literature guidelines in it. That handout is very useful. What is most useful there for us is the abbreviations. If you’re going to use a journal article, it has all the abbreviations. You don’t have to write out Westminster Theological Journal.
You can write out WTJ. It has all the abbreviations for the books of the Bible. If you write out Ezekiel chapter one. If you just use chapter, you should write out Ezekiel. If you use chapter and verse, then you can abbreviate the book of the Bible. They have all the abbreviations in there. It’s good for you to look at that. Many of you will not go on to further academic study, but it’s good for you to have some exposure to some of the technicalities that go into a research paper, which is what this is.
I’ve also given to you on your handout. I found out this is just the best thing to do. I’ve given you some sample footnotes, so let me briefly go through them again. Many of you have heard this speech before. The first footnote sample on this handout is from a commentary, John N. Oswald, the Book of Isaiah, chapters one through 39. That’s the title. The commentary series is NICOT, that’s abbreviated. Those abbreviations are found if you look in your CD where I give you a review of the commentary series.
I give the title of the series, New International Commentary on the Old Testament, and then I give you the abbreviation NICOT so you can find the abbreviations for these series there. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, date 1986, and then page numbers. The first time you refer to a work, you have to give all that information. If you refer to that work a second time, or third time, or fourth time, second, shortened. Footnote references number five at the bottom of your page is an abbreviated account. Last name: Oswald. He abbreviated title Isaiah 1:39, and then pages 29 through 30.
So that would be an example of a book or commentary. Number two is the example of a journal article. Author Edward Robertson, title Urim and Thummim. What were they? VT is your journal. your journal. Vetus Testamentum. That’s abbreviated VT. It’s in italics. Volume number 14, date 1964. Page numbers, that’s a journal article. Now, if you refer to this again, again, last name of the author, Robertson number six at the bottom, abbreviated title Urim and Thummim, and then page number.
The third example is from a chapter in an edited book and a chapter in an edited book. If you find a book that’s edited by somebody and each chapter is written by a different author, that can also substitute for a journal article. You always start with the author, not the editor. If you know the author of the article, you start with the author, not the editor of the book. So, Meredith G. Klein, the covenant of the 70th week. That’s the title of one of those chapters. The title of the book. The law and the prophets.
Parentheses. Here’s where the editor goes. Edited by John Skilton, Phillipsburg Presbyterian Reform, 1974, 452-455. If you refer to this a second time or a third time, again, use the last name of the author, not the editor. If you know the author, you always use the author. Number seven at the bottom. Klein, last name of the author. Abbreviated title of the article, not of the book, but of the article, “The 70th Week,” 457. Then, the last example: if you use something from a dictionary.
Again, if you know the author of an article in a dictionary, you always begin with the author. Now, sometimes you don’t know the author to an article in a dictionary. Then you got to begin with the editor. But in this case, number four, pjsls. The article is an article on AHAv in the New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. That’s the title of the dictionary, edited by Van Gemmer. And this is within parentheses, five volumes. You got the editor. Then you got five volumes, Grand Rapids, Ondara, 1977.
Then when you put the page number, you put volume number, colon, and then page number. So you can look back at this if you need to. And then if you refer back to this article, you always list last name of the author, not editor, author if you know the author. L’s abbreviated title. And then I do have a mistake on here. It should be volume one, colon, 288, instead of just 288.
Anyway, when you get to the point of writing your paper, don’t forget that these footnote references are here because if you don’t follow this format, you could lose points on your paper, especially in light of the fact that we’ve given you some examples. Any questions? All right, we’re going to take a break. This audio lecture is brought to you by RTS on iTunesu at the virtual campus of Reformed Theological Seminary. To listen to other lectures and to access additional resources, please visit us at itunes rts.edu.
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